Calculus is a method of mathematical calculation that has been adapted in several different forms, including fractal and waveform. On Earth, it was independently discovered by Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz. It has also been discovered and studied by such species as the Qomar and Vulcans, however, members of such advanced species as the Aldeans were not aware of the concept of calculus. (ENT: "Vox Sola", VOY: "Virtuoso", TNG: "When The Bough Breaks")
T'Pol had a background in higher mathematics, including calculus. (ENT: "Vox Sola")
Starfleet Admiral Patterson taught calculus at Starfleet Academy during the mid-24th century. Kathryn Janeway still had nightmares from her fractal calculus final, as she told her tutor Admiral Patterson before she took command of the USS Voyager. (VOY: "Relativity")
Harry Bernard hated calculus, despite the fact that his father told him everyone needed a basic understanding of it. (TNG: "When The Bough Breaks")
Joshua Albert was never good at mathematics. His mother and father thought he would never understand calculus. This changed when Joshua found out it was one of the entry requirements of Starfleet Academy. He took on extra classes, got a personal tutor and passed the entry exams. (TNG: "The First Duty")
Jake Sisko had a calculus test in 2370. (DS9: "Second Sight")
Tincoo thought The Doctor's singing might be a form of waveform calculus. (VOY: "Virtuoso")