The Cartesian coordinate system was a coordinate system invented after the time of Leonardo da Vinci in the 15th century. This system was used aboard Federation starships in the 24th century.
In 2374, the holographic da Vinci created a topographical map where components of the USS Voyager were located on a Delta Quadrant planet. However, as his coordinate axes were pre-Cartesian, Seven of Nine had to convert the data into a Cartesian format. (VOY: "Concerning Flight")