Incitement to riot was a crime under both 21st century Californian and 24th century Federation law, that generally meant the encouragement of another person to riot.
In 2024, California governor Robert Chen offered to reduce charges against those involved in the Bell Riots to incitement to riot if they'd let their hostages go. (DS9: "Past Tense, Part II")
In 2373, incitement to riot was one of the charges Quark faced after causing a confrontation between Hagath and Gaila. (DS9: "Business as Usual")