A production station, or production facility, was a type of mining structure used by the Federation in the 23rd century.
The personnel of this station would extract raw ores from mines and would process these ores into high-grade mineral products or metals. This processing was done through a series of physical and chemical means.
An example of a production station was the colony on Janus VI. One of their chief products was pergium. After a deal was struck between the miners and Horta on who would do what task, the products of this world increased to include uranium, cerium, gold, and rare earths. The colony was then able to supply the mineral needs of a thousand planets. (TOS: "The Devil in the Dark")