A record was an action performed in such a way, time, or amount as to be notable, such as completing a task in record time, or having the most or least of something. Such facts were noted in a record book. (TAS: "The Slaver Weapon")
Nyota Uhura used to run the hundred in record time. (TAS: "The Slaver Weapon")
The USS Discovery had scientific facilities onboard capable of supporting over three hundred discrete scientific missions – a Starfleet record in 2256. (DIS: "Context Is for Kings")
In 2287, after timing fellow vacationer James T. Kirk, Spock informed him that he had not even come close to breaking the record time for free-climbing El Capitan. Kirk assured him that he wasn't trying to break a record, just climb for fun. (Star Trek V: The Final Frontier)