Shrapnel is the fragmentation caused by explosions, including from bombs and shells. A shrapnel blast can lead to injury caused by the foreign bodies striking an individual at high speed.
In 2263 of the alternate reality, Spock was wounded by shrapnel after crash landing on the planet Altamid. Leonard McCoy treated Spock by cauterizing the wound with a piece of metal heated with a swarm gun. (Star Trek Beyond)
In an alternate 2366, Captain Rachel Garrett was killed by a piece of shrapnel which lodged in her skull. (TNG: "Yesterday's Enterprise")
In 2372, Doctor Julian Bashir treated seven crewmembers of the IKS Drovana for thoracic perforation traumas caused by shrapnel. Dr. Bashir suggested that these injuries, along with the severe radiation burns and decompression-related injuries were indicative of the Drovana having been hit by a photon torpedo. (DS9: "Sons of Mogh")
In 2374, following the destruction of the USS Honshu, Dukat told Captain Benjamin Sisko that Honshu officer Lieutenant McConnell had been killed by a shrapnel hit to the head just as he and Dukat were attempting to evacuate into a shuttlecraft. (DS9: "Waltz")