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The location of Talos on "The Explored Galaxy" star chart
The Talos system or Talos group was an inhabited planetary system in the Talos star group of the Alpha Quadrant. It was a binary system with eleven planets. One of the planets, Talos IV, was inhabited by the Talosians, a technologically advanced telepathic species. (TOS: "The Cage") Travel anywhere within the Talos system was prohibited by Starfleet. (DIS: "If Memory Serves")
Location
In 2293, the location of Talos in the Milky Way Galaxy was labeled in a star chart that was in Captain James T. Kirk's quarters aboard the USS Enterprise-A. (Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country okudagram)
In 2399, the location of Talos was labeled in a star chart that was in Fleet Admiral Kirsten Clancy's office at Starfleet Headquarters. This system was in or near to Federation space. (PIC: "Maps and Legends")
In 3189, the location of Talos was denoted on a holographic star chart of the galaxy at Federation Headquarters. (DIS: "Scavengers")
History

The fourth planet, Talos IV
Long range scans made by the United Federation of Planets of the system in the 23rd century showed that it was similar to the Sol system. Prior to 2236, this system had not been explored. In that year, the survey ship SS Columbia, while surveying the system, crash-landed on Talos IV. There was only one survivor from the crash, Vina.
In 2254, eighteen years later, the USS Enterprise discovered the fate of the Columbia after being lured to the system by a faked distress call. After escaping the Talosians, the crew recommended that the planet be placed under quarantine, a recommendation that Starfleet Command endorsed. General Order 7 was created to prohibit contact between the Talosians and Federation starships.
In 2257, Michael Burnham guided by Spock return to Talos while Spock was suffering from effects of experiencing time as a non linear construct. After the Talosians had repaired Spock's mind, the USS Discovery arrives with Pike in command and rescue Spock and Burnham from Section 31. (DIS: "If Memory Serves")
In 2267, ten years later, the Enterprise returned to the system to deliver a physically disabled Captain Christopher Pike to the care of the Talosians. (TOS: "The Cage", "The Menagerie, Part I", "The Menagerie, Part II")
Some time before 2285, the Federation sent a container from Talos III to Regula. (Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan)