A xenon-based lifeform was a lifeform which used xenon as the basis of its structure and life functions rather than carbon.
In 2374, Neelix was attempting to conduct trade negotiations with a xenon-based lifeform when his universal translator went off-line. Fortunately, Neelix was saved by Arturis, who was able to step in and serve as a mediator, despite never hearing either language prior to that moment. (VOY: "Hope and Fear")